APPLE ROOTSTOCKS

M9 ROOTSTOCK
– It is a fully dwarf apple clone rootstock developed at the East Malling Institute in England. It is the most widely used apple clone rootstock because it is perfect in terms of early yielding of the fruit on it and increasing fruit size.
– It is resistant to winter cold and heavy-textured soil conditions, but is sensitive to soils with high groundwater and stagnant water.
– It creates a tree volume of 25-30% of the tree formed by the standard seedling rootstock.

– It ripens varieties 1 week earlier than the seedling rootstock.
– Pajam 1 rootstock, which has similar characteristics to M9 rootstock developed in France, is weaker than M9, while Pajam 2 grows 10% stronger than M9, rootstocks such as Mark 9, NAK-B 337, EMLA- 9, Budavgosky 9, M9 T 339 have similar characteristics to M9 rootstock.
– When fully productive, an apple tree on this rootstock forms a crown of 2.5m-3m height.
– Since the root system is very sensitive and fragile, it definitely needs a support system. The support system should be concrete or impregnated wood at 10-15m intervals, 50-60cm underground and 2.5-3m above ground.

– The first wire is passed at a height of 50 cm from the ground and 4 or 5 wires are passed every 50 cm to form a support system for the trees.
– Planting distances on this rootstock can be 4x 1m or 4x 1.2m, as well as the distance between rows can be reduced to 60cm, and if the soil is not very strong, the distance between rows can be reduced to 3.5m.
– In a garden facility with M9 rootstock, 120 to 400 saplings are required per decare and a drip irrigation system must be installed.
– It is possible to get 500-1500 kg of product per decare at 2-3 years of age, 5-6 tons at 5-6 years of age, and 10-12 tons at 7-8 years of age, which is the full yield period, on this rootstock.
– It is resistant to Phtophthora and sensitive to fire blight bacterial disease.
– Since sunburn is seen in varieties such as Grany Smith and Golden Delicious grafted onto M9 rootstock, it is useful to use shading material especially in areas with intense sunlight.
– Scarlet Spur. Weakly growing apple varieties such as Redcief, Spur Golden should not be grafted onto M9 rootstock as they will grow very weakly.

MM 106 ROOTSTOCK
– It is a semi-dwarf apple clone rootstock. It has similar growth strength to M7 rootstock and develops 50-60% of standard apple seedling rootstock.
– It is sensitive to Phtophora (root collapse), resistant to woolly aphid and fire blight.
– It should never be used in heavy textured and poorly drained soils.
– It makes the variety on me yield early.
– It is a good rootstock for spur-like (weakly growing varieties).
– The variety on it matures a few days later than M9 rootstock.
– Since the root system develops better than M9 rootstock, it does not require support systems.
– In gardens established with this rootstock, the distances between rows are 2-2.5m and the distance between rows is 3.5-4m, and the number of seedlings required per decare varies between 85-120.
– It can be established in denser gardens with spur (semi-dwarf) varieties on this rootstock.
– It does not form too many bottom shoots.

MM 111 ROOTSTOCK
– It is one of the strongly growing rootstocks and forms a crown volume of 75% of the standard seedling rootstock.
– It is resistant to cottony aphids and is an ideal rootstock for limited irrigation conditions and sandy loam soils.
– It is perfectly compatible with new varieties such as Fuji, Gala, Pink Lady.
– It does not require a support system since it develops a strong root system.
– Spur varieties can be planted on this rootstock with 2.5-3m spacing on the row and 4m spacing between the rows, while standard varieties can be planted with 3-3.5m spacing on the row and 5m spacing between the rows. – In recent years, in some countries, M9 rootstock has been grafted onto MM 111 rootstock as an intergraft, thus obtaining trees with a stronger root system and more dwarf than MM111, while combining the superior features of both rootstocks.

M 26 ROOTSTOCK
– It causes the variety on it to bear fruit early.
– Standard seedling rootstock forms trees up to 35%.
– Semi-dwarf spur varieties can be grafted onto this rootstock.
– It is recommended for well-drained soils and is resistant to cold.
– A support system is required.

M 7 ROOTSTOCK
– It is among the most widely used rootstocks in America.
– It forms trees with the same growth strength as MM106.
– It is susceptible to Agrebacterium tumefaciens (root cancer) bacterial disease.

M 27 ROOTSTOCK
– It is the dwarfest apple rootstock and commercial garden establishment is not recommended with varieties grafted onto this rootstock.
– It is more suitable to be used as a rootstock in potted saplings and home gardens.